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Posted by SamuelScott

My first marketing job was in porn.

After leaving my journalism career and having studied marketing in an M.B.A. program in Boston, I moved to Israel some years ago to pursue a marcom career in the so-called "Startup Nation." My first job, however, turned out to be at a pornography website that broadcast live "shows" for $1 a minute.

Yeah, it's a little embarrassing. But I learned a lot – about what not to do.

Every day, I would write fake porn stories that would be stuffed with keywords and then published on an "independent" site with links to the main website. One day, I heard that Amy Fisher – the "Long Island Lolita" of the 1990s Joey Buttafuoco scandal – would be "performing" on the website. Finally, I thought, a chance to use my marketing knowledge! I outlined a few ideas on promotion and publicity – but the SEO director dismissed them with a wave of his hand.

"I'm sure the marketing department is handling that," he said. As I understood later, I was in the SEO department. I left that job quickly. (Actually, I was doing "black-hat SEO" – in other words, spam. Of course, real SEO – "white-hat SEO" – is something entirely different. But more on that below.)

Today, I recommend that anyone who wants to get started in real digital marketing should work for a company that sells a specific product to a specific audience. Porn, forex, and gambling websites – despite their lucrative potential salaries – are usually generic businesses that rarely differentiate themselves and instead rely on methods that try to "trick" Google. (Seriously, I just heard the other day about one company here doing what it called "black-hat PPC" to get around Google AdWords' restrictions on its industry.) And those tricks don't work anymore.

After leaving the porn website, I held various positions at global agencies before working now as a digital marketing and communications consultant. Today, based on the problems that I have seen and the fallacies that I have encountered, I wanted to propose a strategy to Mozzers on how marketing departments and agencies should structure themselves in light of the need to integrate traditional and Internet marketing today.

Note: This is my third post in an unofficial series on Moz on integrating online and traditional marketing. For more on this topic, please feel free to read An Introduction to PR Strategy for SEOs and The Coming Integration of PR and SEO as well.

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Don't divide traditional and online marketing

In large corporations and similar companies that have been in existence for decades, digital marketing is often added as a second parallel structure alongside the historical marketing activities. The incorrect assumption is that traditional and Internet marketing are entirely different things that need entirely separate approaches. My basic example:

But such a structure can lead to major problems.

At a prior agency, we had a client who hired us for both public relations and organic social media (in addition to paid social-media advertising and conversion-rate optimization). The goal of the PR team was to get coverage of the business and its executives in major, relevant publications. The goals of the Social Media team were to generate qualified sales leads and build a large Twitter following.

However, due to the flawed decision to separate PR and social media, the extremely-large number of good Twitter followers did not come despite the company's gaining of major coverage from outlets including Fox News, The New York Times, Forbes, Wired, and AdWeek.

Why? The PR team did not concern itself with social media, and the Social Media team did not think about public relations. There were many missed opportunities:

• Press releases that were sent to reporters and influencers could have included the Twitter handle and links to the Twitter account
• The PR team could have asked the Fox News' segment producers to include the company's Twitter handle on the bottom part of the screen when the program showed the CEO's name and business
• PR could have advised the CEO to make sure that the company's Twitter handle was listed in the footer of presentation slides
• The company's booths at global events could have showcased the Twitter hashtag

Now, it was not the PR team's fault – I can attest that they were intelligent, professional people. It was just not how the agency's operations were structured as a whole. The PR team did not think about anything relating to social media because it was the Social Media team's responsibility – and vice versa.

In a personal essay on my website, I explain how to get more good Twitter followers. First, use Followerwonk to find relevant journalists, bloggers, and influencers based on your target audience and strategic messaging and positioning. Then, incorporate Twitter naturally into your PR and publicity activities. There are no "tricks" to gaining large followings. The key to being big on social media is to become something big in the first place. The online and offline worlds reflect each other. (Rare viral cases such as "Alex From Target" are exceptions that prove the rule – "going viral" is too-rarely successful enough ever to be a solid strategy in and of itself.)

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Don't create too many silos

In contrast to larger companies with long, vertical, and parallel structures, many small businesses and startups today are extremely horizontal and flat. According to 7Geese, companies such as Morning Star and Return Path have even taken it to an extreme by stating that "no one has a boss."

Here is another basic example of mine of how marketing departments in companies with flat philosophies are structured. Every single function is on the same level:

I once walked into the office of the CMO of an Israeli tech company that was building numerous products in various sectors. I was there to explore a consulting opportunity. Each product had an overall product marketing manager, and there were numerous, separate teams on a flat level that would each do "PR," "SEO," "social media," and more for each product.

Here are a few excerpts of my conversion with the CMO:

Me: What is the function of the SEO team?

CMO: To get more links.

Me: But the PR team will get the links you need naturally.

CMO: The SEO team will buy the links that we want the most. It's just easier and faster that way.

And then:

Me: So, you've got a PR team to reach out to journalists and bloggers?

CMO: Yes.

Me: What if a writer is only reachable on Twitter – will the PR or Social Media team reach out to them?

CMO: (silence)

And then:

Me: What will the Social Media team do?

CMO: Spread the word about the company's products on social media.

Me: How will they do that by themselves without content and without essentially doing PR's job?

CMO: (silence)

I can hear countless Mozzers groaning while reading each quote! I did not take the consulting job – the CMO was committed to the old ways of thinking that do not work anymore, and I could not convince him otherwise.

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How to think about marketing functions

Important note: I know that I just said NOT to separate traditional and online marketing. In context, this earlier step-by-step infographic on how to integrate SEO and PR separated the two because the use of the differentiation was the easiest way to explain the integration process – it was not a recommendation to divide the teams themselves.

In that essay, I explained the traditional marketing and communications process in this way:

A sender decides upon a message; the message is packaged into a piece of content; the content is transmitted via a desired channel; and the channel delivers the content to the receiver. Marketing is essentially sending a message that is packaged into a piece of content to a receiver via a channel. The rest is just details.

That same theoretical idea can be applied in an actionable way in terms of how to structure a marketing department, agency, or campaign. I describe the four-fold process as such: Strategy, Creative, Communications, and Audit.

In light of this idea, I argue that the operations of a marketing department should flow along these four lines and not divide traditional and digital channels because the Internet is just a set of new communications channels that can be used to execute overall marketing functions.

Here is a new flowchart that outlines this overall process:

Strategy

The senior marketing executives identify the marketing KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) based on the company's overall business goals and craft a strategy accordingly. They also research the target audience and potential channels, create the overall messaging and positioning, and develop a plan of execution.

• Moz has excellent guides on creating audience personas and using random affinities
• One of the prior Moz posts of mine shows how to create messaging based on the audience (a prior agency of mine took a mobile-app owner's personal story and turned it into a media pitch)

Creative

The creative team then creates all of the marketing collateral – what is now called "content" – based on the target audience, the positioning, and the channels on which the content will appear. The content can include blog posts, landing pages, online and offline advertisements, meta titles and descriptions, sales copy, catalogues, brochures, videos, e-books, podcasts, graphics, webinars, website text, and more.

Copy aims to sell – think taglines and product descriptions. Content aims to inform – think e-books that reveal the best-practices in a target audience's industry. The modern Creative department needs to use both.

Communications

The communications team then publicizes the marketing collateral via the desired channels. This can include paid and organic social media, print and online advertising, public relations and media relations, influencer outreach, and more.

There are many different types of communications functions – different businesses may need to use one, some, or all of them:

• Public relations – Managing the flow of information from an organization to the public
• Media relations – Responding to inquires from journalists and bloggers
• Publicity – Getting news and blogger coverage of a person, product, event, business, or piece of content
• Community relations – Dealing with the local, non-governmental community (this often includes a company's owned and/or online community)
• Government relations – Serving as the go-between for the company and the government
• Analyst relations – Corresponding with the financial analysts who cover one's business or industry
• Influencer relations – Maintaining relationships with important figures in one's industry
• Conference speaking – Gaining speaking positions at relevant conferences (by the way, Moz's Erica McGillivray has some great thoughts on how to improve slide decks, and I also interview her at length on my site on the best practices of speaking at marketing conferences)
• Advertising campaigns – Running online and offline ad campaigns with the materials that were designed by the Creative department (as Ad Contrarian Bob Hoffman – an advertising veteran who is a self-described critic of social media and digital ads – says in the sidebar of his website, "Creative people make the ads. Everyone else makes the arrangements")

Audit

Account executives research and evaluate the results based on the KPIs through methods including web analytics, conversions and ROI, coverage in media outlets, lead evaluations from the sales team, and more. The Strategy team can then review the information and revise future campaigns accordingly.

Here are some resources to learn more about how to measure traditional and online marketing campaigns:

• How to track social engagement that matters
• Google Analytics Academy & Individual Certification
• I walk through how to use PR software as part of a prior Mozinar
• Moz has an intriguing method to gauge the effectiveness of content
• How to value paid, social, organic, and referral, and e-mail sources of traffic in the sales funnel
• How to measure brand strategy impact
• Data-driven PR metrics

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What this means for marketers

Oscar De La Hoya with the DeWalt Home Depot Marketing Team (Wikimedia Commons)

As you can see, I classify individual marketers as strategists, creatives, communicators, or auditors. Generalists as well as marketing and communications veterans tend to make good strategists. Great writers, graphic designers, and videographers are creatives. People with experience in public relations, publicity, and community relations are communicators. Analytics experts can be auditors.

But the important thing is that each "category" of people needs to learn as much as possible about executing their functions via all needed traditional and online methods. Creatives need to focus on writing, graphics, and video. Communicators need to learn how to use all communications channels – e-mail, the telephone, social media, and more. Auditors need to understand how to measure ROI and related metrics in terms of online conversions, media hits, brand awareness, and more.

Here are three examples of how individual contributors in such a traditional marketing structure will operate in the integrated marketing world of the future:

• Are you a copywriter in the Creative department? You'll also need to learn how to craft meta titles and meta descriptions that include the desired messaging and get the reader to click to the website. You'll need to write the text of website product pages while keeping semantic understanding and keyword themes in mind.
• Are you a publicist in the Communications department? You'll need to learn to use both traditional (the telephone) and online (e-mail and social media) channels to get media coverage, publicity, and brand awareness. You'll need to learn about the importance of links in general and how to evaluate the value of individual links.
• Are you in the Audit department? You'll need to use traditional PR software to find the volumes of readerships of any print, TV, or online outlet. You'll need online-mention tools to track all hits. You'll need website analytics to see how traffic from those publications performs. You'll need to learn how to allocate ROI values to multiple types of referring websites and the roles that they play throughout the marketing funnel.

If you run with those examples in your mind, I'm sure you'll realize a lot more.

To the individuals who are reading this essay, I would ask yourselves the following questions to grow your career in the coming integrated world:

• Am I a strategist, creative, communicator, or auditor? Most people want to be strategists, but few actually are.
• What else do I need to learn to become a master in my "group" area? A personal example: I have always been a writer, but I know little about graphic design. That's something I need to learn. Another example: A publicist might be great at e-mailing reporters, but he or she might not know how to engage with journalists on Twitter. Those are intra-group items to learn.
• What "group" area should I learn next? Say you're a genius at communications in general. What should you learn next – creative, auditing, or strategy? (Keep in mind that strategy is something that is best learned last after gaining experience in the other three fields.)

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What this means for agencies

Indian interactive media agency Social Eyes (labeled for reuse in Google Image Search)

Historically, agencies have generally specialized in one or more of the four areas that I mentioned earlier: strategy, creative, communications and advertising, and auditing and troubleshooting. The same is true today – except that agencies will need to learn how to do those practices in both traditional and digital contexts.

However, digital marketers have had a habit of assigning new names and buzzwords to already-existing practices as if they are something new. I hate clickbait headlines that include the words "death" or "end," but I am going to make an exception here because I am very passionate about this topic and want to warn the community of the gravity of the situation.

The end of "social media marketing"

If you are an agency (or a consultant) who brands yourself as a social media expert, you need to rebrand yourself. There will be no "social media" jobs in five years. Social media is just yet another communications channel that can be used to perform existing functions as well as transmit messages and content to an audience:

• Customer-service representatives will use social media to do customer service
• Publicists will use social media to generate publicity
• Advertisers will use social media to advertise

Why is this the case? Simple. It's easier for a customer-support representative to learn how to use Twitter than for someone who knows Twitter to learn how to give great customer service.

The end of "content marketing"

The Content Marketing Institute defines "content marketing" this way (emphasis mine):

Content marketing is a strategic marketing approach focused on creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly-defined audience — and, ultimately, to drive profitable customer action.

In truth, "content marketing" is doing what Creative, Communications, and Advertising teams have done since time immemorial. It's nothing new. "Content marketers" also need to rebrand themselves as more and more companies and clients will begin to realize this fact. After all, one recent Nielsen study has shown that content marketing is 88% less effective than public relations – likely because most content marketers do not realize that they are really doing (in part) public relations and are therefore are not doing it well.

The end of "link building"

Over the past few years, there has been much debate over whether Google favors big brands in search results. Assuming this is the case, I would submit that the reason is merely because large companies have publicity teams that work around the clock to generate online discussions and news coverage – all of which indirectly generates millions of links.

The best link building methods are just publicity by other names. Moreover, traditional link building data such as PageRank and Domain Authority (DA) will be less and less useful as Google becomes smarter and smarter. If I sell widgets, then I want a link on a website that is read by people who like widgets – regardless of its DA. That link is more important than a link on a website that has nothing to do with widgets – even it has a vastly-higher DA.

Whenever I argue this point, traditional link builders usually respond by saying that they are needed because they are the best at ensuring that any coverage and mentions also come with links. Well, with all due respect, I respond with the statement that it's not much of a value-adding benefit. I'd just tell existing publicists to be sure that links are added to coverage whenever possible.

In economic theory, there is a principle called " opportunity cost." Basically, it states that "time spent doing A is time that is spent not doing B." In any business, there is only so much labor and time to accomplish a given task, so priorities based on ROI need to be determined. Given a time frame of three months, I'd argue that the ROI of developing and executing a publicity campaign will be far higher than spending that time fixing broken links, e-mailing countless website owners to beg for links, creating link bait, and so on.

"Link builders" will also need to rebrand themselves as more and more businesses will become wary of artificial links that may incur Google Penguin penalties. For the best results, hire PR experts instead of link builders. Links are just the by-products of good marketing and publicity.

So, what do I recommend? Stop reading articles on "how to build links." Instead, learn everything you can about public relations, communications, and publicity. Since the other sections of this essay that focus on strategy, content, and analytics typically receive a lot of attention on Moz, I'll provide a list of resources elsewhere on publicity. Here are some good places to start:

• Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics (textbook)
• This is How You Pitch (book)
• The Publicity Handbook (book)
• International Public Relations Association
• Public Relations Society of America
• Institute for Public Relations
• Best and Worst Ways to Get Publicity (Inc.)
• How to Generate Publicity for Your Business (Entrepreneur)

The end of link penalty removals

I stopped thinking about links a long time ago while I was at a prior agency job. My team and I would do the technical SEO, the creative and the publicity – and the best links would come naturally by themselves. I would not actively track links except for periodic checkups to make sure that competitors were not pointing spammy backlinks at our clients. It happens – one time, I saw a lot of link spam directed at a website with anchor text that was stuffed with keywords relating to prescription drugs. I disavowed them.

But except in that specific circumstance, I want to live in a world where link audits, link-removal software, and the Google Disavow Tool are no longer needed. For one reason, I feel bad for our collective clients. Many of us spent years making money recommending for and then building bad, artificial links – and now we're making money to remove them. But for the most part, I want to be in an industry where we no longer build links – or even specifically think about them in general.

If you do real, bona fide publicity, then you'll never, ever have to worry about Google Penguin penalties.

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But, wait! Where's SEO?

Now, I did not mention search-engine optimization much until now for a reason. We're thinking about it wrongly.

Technical SEO

All technical and on-page SEO is copywriting and specialized web development. Copywriters (and sometimes content writers) should write meta titles and meta descriptions as well as website and landing-page text. The rest just comes down to web developers focusing on items ranging from XML sitemaps to mobile-responsive design to schema code.

Think about it from a financial perspective: It's far cheaper and more efficient to hire a web developer who knows to include all of these functions rather than to hire both a web developer and an SEO.

Off-page SEO

As I described earlier in my discussion of linkbuilding, the best off-page SEO is really just public relations and publicity and should be done by a communications team rather than an SEO.

Essentially, "SEO" is a collection of best practices that can and should sit in already-existing marketing and web-development teams. As much as this thought may prove to be controversial, SEO functions should be dispersed among other jobs. Most of the time, there is little need for separate and individual "SEO" agencies, functions, and employees.

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Same as it ever was

The Talking Heads in 1978 (Wikimedia Commons)

Strategy. Creative. Communications. Audit.

If you do this process well and do it continuously to build a strong brand over time, then everything else will take care of itself. Higher search-engine rankings. More traffic. More customers. More leads. More sales. More brand awareness. And in the end, greater revenue and profit.

There are no shortcuts – it's just doing good marketing both online and offline together.

When you create a marketing department or team today, it's crucial to keep this in mind – in fact, it's what marketers have always kept in mind and the process that they have always followed. Same as it ever was. The traditional marketing practices of yesteryear are still relevant today. The only difference is that we are operating in an increasing number of available communications channels called the Internet.

I just wish I had known that fact when I had started the job at the porn website.

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Posted by randfish

It's been a long time since we covered one of the most fundamental building blocks of SEO—the structure of domain names and URLs—and I think it's high time to revisit. But, an important caveat before we begin: the optimal structures and practices I'll be describing in the tips below are NOT absolutely critical on any/every page you create. This list should serve as an "it would be great if we could," not an "if we don't do things this way, the search engines will never rank us well." Google and Bing have come a long way and can handle a lot of technical challenges, but as always in SEO, the easier we make things for them (and for users), the better the results tend to be.

#1: Whenever possible, use a single domain & subdomain

It's hard to argue this given the preponderance of evidence and examples of folks moving their content from a subdomain to subfolder and seeing improved results (or, worse, moving content to a subdomain and losing traffic). Whatever heuristics the engines use to judge whether content should inherit the ranking ability of its parent domain seem to have trouble consistently passing to subdomains.

That's not to say it can't work, and if a subdomain is the only way you can set up a blog or produce the content you need, then it's better than nothing. But your blog is far more likely to perform well in the rankings and to help the rest of your site's content perform well if it's all together on one sub and root domain.

For more details and plenty of examples (in the post and comments), check out this recent Whiteboard Friday on the topic.

#2: The more readable by human beings, the better

It should come as no surprise that the easier a URL is to read for humans, the better it is for search engines. Accessibility has always been a part of SEO, but never more so than today, when engines can leverage advanced user and usage data signals to determine what people are engaging with vs. not.

Readability can be a subjective topic, but hopefully this illustration can help:

The requirement isn't that every aspect of the URL must be absolutely clean and perfect, but that at least it can be easily understood and, hopefully, compelling to those seeking its content.

#3: Keywords in URLs: still a good thing

It's still the case that using the keywords you're targeting for rankings in your URLs is a solid idea. This is true for several reasons.

First, keywords in the URL help indicate to those who see your URL on social media, in an email, or as they hover on a link to click that they're getting what they want and expect, as shown in the Metafilter example below (note how hovering on the link shows the URL in the bottom-left-hand corner):

Second, URLs get copied and pasted regularly, and when there's no anchor text used in a link, the URL itself serves as that anchor text (which is still a powerful input for rankings), e.g.:

Third, and finally, keywords in the URL show up in search results, and research has shown that the URL is one of the most prominent elements searchers consider when selecting which site to click.

#4: Multiple URLs serving the same content? Canonicalize 'em!

If you have two URLs that serve very similar content, consider canonicalizing them, using either a 301 redirect (if there's no real reason to maintain the duplicate) or a rel=canonical (if you want to maintain slightly different versions for some visitors, e.g. a printer-friendly page).

Duplicate content isn't really a search engine penalty (at least, not until/unless you start duplicating at very large scales), but it can cause a split of ranking signals that can harm your search traffic potential. If Page A has some quantity of ranking ability and its duplicate, Page A2, has a similar quantity of ranking ability, by canonicalizing them, Page A can have a better chance to rank and earn visits.

#5: Exclude dynamic parameters when possible

This kind of junk is ugly:

If you can avoid using URL parameters, do so. If you have more than two URL parameters, it's probably worth making a serious investment to rewrite them as static, readable, text.

Most CMS platforms have become savvy to this over the years, but a few laggards remain. Check out tools like mod_rewrite and ISAPI rewrite (for IIS) to help with this process.

Some dynamic parameters are used for tracking clicks (like those inserted by popular social sharing apps such as Buffer). In general, these don't cause a huge problem, but they may make for somewhat unsightly and awkwardly long URLs. Use your own judgement around whether the tracking parameter benefits outweigh the negatives.

Research from a 2014 RadiumOne study suggests that social sharing (which has positive, but usually indirect impacts on SEO) with shorter URLs that clearly communicate the site and content perform better than non-branded shorteners or long, unclear URL strings.

#6: Shorter > longer

Shorter URLs are, generally speaking, preferable. You don't need to take this to the extreme, and if your URL is already less than 50-60 characters, don't worry about it at all. But if you have URLs pushing 100+ characters, there's probably an opportunity to rewrite them and gain value.

This isn't a direct problem with Google or Bing—the search engines can process long URLs without much trouble. The issue, instead, lies with usability and user experience. Shorter URLs are easier to parse, to copy and paste, to share on social media, and to embed, and while these might all add up to only a fractional improvement in sharing or amplification, every tweet, like, share, pin, email, and link matters (either directly or, often, indirectly).

#7: Match URLs to titles most of the time (when it makes sense)

This doesn't mean that if the title of your piece is "My Favorite 7 Bottles of Islay Whisky (and how one of them cost me my entire Lego collection)" that your URL has to be a perfect match. Something like

randswhisky.com/my-favorite-7-islay-whiskies

would be just fine. So, too would

randswhisky.com/blog/favorite-7-bottles-islay-whisky

or variations on these. The matching accomplishes a mostly human-centric goal, i.e. to imbue an excellent sense of what the web user will find on the page through the URL and then to deliver on that expectation with the headline/title.

It's for this same reason that we strongly recommend keeping the page title (which engines display prominently on their search results pages) and the visible headline on the page a close match as well—one creates an expectation, and the other delivers on it.

For example, above, you'll see two URLs I shared on Facebook. In the first, it's wholly unclear what you might find on the page. It's in the news section the BBC's website, but beyond that, there's no way to know what you might find there. In the second, however, Pacific Standard magazine has made it easy for the URL to give insight into the article's content, and then the title of the piece delivers:

We should aim for a similar level of clarity in our own URLs and titles.

#8: Including stop words isn't necessary

If your title/headline includes stop words (and, or, but, of, the, a, etc.), it's not critical to put them in the URL. You don't have to leave them out, either, but it can sometimes help to make a URL shorter and more readable in some sharing contexts. Use your best judgement on whether to include or not based on the readability vs. length.

You can see in the URL of this particular post you're now reading, for example, that I've chosen to leave in "for" because I think it's easier to read with the stop word than without, and it doesn't extend the URL length too far.

#9: Remove/control for unwieldy punctuation characters

There are a number of text characters that become nasty bits of hard-to-read cruft when inserted in the URL string. In general, it's a best practice to remove or control for these. There's a great list of safe vs. unsafe characters available on Perishable Press:

It's not merely the poor readability these characters might cause, but also the potential for breaking certain browsers, crawlers, or proper parsing.

#10: Limit redirection hops to two or fewer

If a user or crawler requests URL A, which redirects to URL B. That's cool. It's even OK if URL B then redirects to URL C (not great—it would be more ideal to point URL A directly to URL C, but not terrible). However, if the URL redirect string continues past two hops, you could get into trouble.

Generally speaking, search engines will follow these longer redirect jumps, but they've recommended against the practice in the past, and for less "important" URLs (in their eyes), they may not follow or count the ranking signals of the redirecting URLs as completely.

The bigger trouble is browsers and users, who are both slowed down and sometimes even stymied (mobile browsers in particular can occasionally struggle with this) by longer redirect strings. Keep redirects to a minimum and you'll set yourself up for less problems.

#11: Fewer folders is generally better

Take a URL like this:

randswhisky.com/scotch/lagavulin/15yr/distillers-edition/pedro-ximenez-cask/750ml

And consider, instead, structuring it like this:

randswhisky.com/scotch/lagavulin-distillers-edition-750ml

It's not that the slashes (aka folders) will necessarily harm performance, but it can create a perception of site depth for both engines and users, as well as making edits to the URL string considerably more complex (at least, in most CMS' protocols).

There's no hard and fast requirement—this is another one where it's important to use your best judgement.

#12: Avoid hashes in URLs unless absolutely essential

The hash (or URL fragment identifier) has historically been a way to send a visitor to a specific location on a given page (e.g. Moz's blog posts use the hash to navigate you to a particular comment, like this one from my wife). Using URL hashes for something other than this, such as showing unique content than what's available on the page or wholly separate pages is generally a bad idea.

There are exceptions, like those Google enables for developers seeking to use the hashbang format for dynamic AJAX applications, but even these aren't nearly as clean, visitor-friendly, or simple from an SEO perspective as statically rewritten URLs. Sites from Amazon to Twitter have found tremendous benefit in simplifying their previously complex and hash/hashbang-employing URLs. If you can avoid it, do.

#13: Be wary of case sensitivity

A couple years back, John Sherrod of Search Discovery wrote an excellent piece noting the challenges and issues around case-sensitivity in URLs. Long story short—if you're using Microsoft/IIS servers, you're generally in the clear. If you're hosting with Linux/UNIX, you can get into trouble as they can interpret separate cases, and thus randswhisky.com/AbC could be a different piece of content from randswhisky.com/aBc. That's bad biscuits.

In an ideal world, you want URLs that use the wrong case to automatically redirect/canonicalize to the right one. There are htaccess rewrite protocols to assist ( like this one)—highly recommended if you're facing this problem.

#14: Hyphens and underscores are preferred word separators

Notably missing (for the first time in my many years updating this piece) is my recommendation to avoid underscores as word separators in URLs. In the last few years, the search engines have successfully overcome their previous challenges with this issue and now treat underscores and hyphens similarly.

Spaces can work, but they render awkwardly in URLs as %20, which detracts from the readability of your pages. Try to avoid them if possible (it's usually pretty easy in a modern CMS).

#15: Keyword stuffing and repetition are pointless and make your site look spammy

Check out the search result listing below, and you'll see a whole lot of "canoe puppies" in the URL. That's probably not ideal, and it could drive some searchers to bias against wanting to click.

Repetition like this doesn't help your search rankings—Google and Bing have moved far beyond algorithms that positively reward a keyword appearing multiple times in the URL string. Don't hurt your chances of earning a click (which CAN impact your rankings) by overdoing keyword matching/repetition in your URLs.

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Best of luck with all your URL creation and optimization efforts! Please feel free to leave any additions, ideas, or observations in the comments below.

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